Life of National Organization of Disinfectionists (NOD)
Agreement between NOD and Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man
Agreement between NOD and "National Association of expert in healthcare-associated infections control"
Congratulation new members of NOD
A.A. Veselov, V.Yu. Nazarov, S.F. Slivinskaya
Demands to organization of terminal disinfection in transmissible diseases places at the present stage
DISINFECTION BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
A.Yu. Popova1,6, E.B. Ezhlova1, Yu.V. Demina1, O.A. Kulichenko2, G.F. Rafeenko2, V.P. Klindukhov3, T.V. Grechanaya3, P.N. Nikolaevich3, M.I. Balaeva3, E.A. Vechernyaya3, S.Ch. Tesheva3, E.B. Zhilchenko4, T.V. Taran4, A.N. Kulichenko4, V.G. Akimkin5
1Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man: 18, stroenie 5 and 7 Vadkovskiy pereulok, Moscow, 127994, Russian Federation;
2Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Krasnodar Territory: 56/1 // 61/1 Gogol / Rashpilevskaya str., Krasnodar, 350001, Russian Federation;
3Departments of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man in the Krasnodar region: 100 Rashpilevskaya str., Krasnodar, 350000, Russian Federation;
4Stavropol Plague Control Research Institute of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man: 13–15 Soviet str., Stavropol,355035, Russian Federation;
5Scientific Research Disinfectology Institute of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man: 18 Nauchniy proezd, Moscow, 117246, Russian Federation;
6Chair of the Organization of Sanitary and Epidemiologic Service of the Russian Medical Academy of Postdegree Education: 19/38 Belomorskaya str., Moscow, 125445, Russian Federation.
Disinfection activity organization during preparation and holding XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in Sochi
The article presents data on the main areas of work on the organization and implementation of non-specific prevention of infectious diseases during the period of preparation and holding of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi. Disinfection measures, including focal and preventive disinfection, pest control work, disinfestation, performed in conjunction with other anti-epidemic measures provided sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the participants, guests and the public. Keywords: sanitary-epidemiological welfare, Olympic Games, disinfection, insect deinfestation and disinfestation.
AUTHORS
Popova Anna Yur’evna – Doctor of Medical Science, Professor; header of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man; Tel.: (499) 973-26-90, e-mail: Адрес электронной почты защищен от спам-ботов. Для просмотра адреса в вашем браузере должен быть включен Javascript.
Ezhlova Elena Borisovna – Head of Department of Epidemiological Surveillance of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man
Demina Yuliya Viktorovna – Deputy Head of Department of Epidemiological Surveillance of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man
Kulichenko Ol’ga Alekseevna – deputy chief physician of Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Krasnodar Territory
Rafeenko Galina Kuz’minichna – deputy chief physician of Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Krasnodar Territory
Klindukhov Valeriy Pavlovich – rukovoditel’ Upravleniya Rospotrebnadzora po Krasnodarskomu krayu (URPN po Krasnodarskomu krayu)
Grechanaya Tat’yana Viktorovna – deputy head of Departments of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man in the Krasnodar region
Nikolaevich Pavel Nikolaevich – deputy head of Departments of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man in the Krasnodar region
Balaeva Marina Iosifovna – head of department of hygiene of food of Departments of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man in the Krasnodar region
Vechernyaya Ekaterina Aleksandrovna – deputy head of department of hygiene of food of Departments of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man in the Krasnodar region
Tesheva Safiet Cherandukovna – manager of epidemiological department of Departments of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man in the Krasnodar region
Zhilchenko Elena Borisovna – Candidate of Science in Biology, Head of the Laboratory "Collection of Pathogenic Microorganisms" of Stavropol Plague Control Research Institute
Taran Tat’yana Viktorovna – Doctor of Medical Science, Manager. Laboratory of Training of Specialists of Stavropol Plague Control Research Institute
Kulichenko Aleksandr Nikolaevich – Doctor of Medical Science, Professor; Director of Stavropol Plague Control Research Institute
Akimkin Vasiliy Gennad’evich – Member of Russian Academy of Science, Doctor of Medical Science, Professor; Director Deputy of Scientific Research Disinfectology Institute
V.G. Akimkin1,2,3, T.V. Timofeeva4, L.S. Mamontova4, E.A. Zudinova5
1Scientific Research Disinfectology Institute of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man: 18 Nauchniy proezd, Moscow, 117246, Russian Federation;
2I.M. Sechenov’s First Moscow State Medical University: 8, stroenie 2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation;
3Central Scientific Research Epidemiology Institute of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man: 3а Novogireevskaya str., Moscow, 111123, Russian Federation;
4"TT-Standard": 40 Pererva str., Moscow, 109369, Russian Federation;
5"TT-Expert" 40 Pererva str., Moscow, 109369, Russian Federation.
Current trends are over time in education volume of medical waste in RF big cities
Intensive growth of medical waste in RF for last 10 years is determined by modernization of native Healthcare Service. Consequently, not only volume is changed, but morphological composition of medical waste also, which are dangerous concerning epidemiological way. Mainly increase polymeric materials’ fractions, latex and textile. Total volume of medical waste (class B and C) was grown from 25 to 50% and more in megapolis and cities with a million-plus population, which is more than predicted data, made 5 years earlier. On the basis of surveillance data of medical waste volume in Moscow state medicine was developed 3 models of further quantitative ratio transformation of waste A, B, C classes in healthcare organizations, including all, which were passed from chemical disinfection to physical method. The important problem solve direction of volume determination and quantity standarts of medical waste in healthcare organizations of different specialization is formation of common accounting policies, which help to support not only comparison of statistic data, but perform forecasting for the purpose of epidemiological situation.
Key words: healthcare, medical waste, epidemiological and ecological safety of megapolis, decontamination, neutralization, accounting policies of waste’ volume, administrative regulation of medical waste system.
AUTHORS
Akimkin Vasiliy Gennad'evich – Member of Russian Academy of Science, Doctor of Medical Science, Professor; Director Deputy of Scientific Research Disinfectology Institute; tel.: (495) 332-01-50, e-mail: Адрес электронной почты защищен от спам-ботов. Для просмотра адреса в вашем браузере должен быть включен Javascript..
Timofeeva Tat'yana Vsevolodovna – Doctor of Medical Science,; CEO of "TT-Standard"
Zudinova Elena Alekseevna – Deputy CEO of "TT-Expert"
Mamontova Lyutsiya Sergeevna – Head of Department of New Projects of "TT-Standard"
EPIDEMIOLOGY
O.A. Orlova1,2, V.G. Akimkin3,4,5
1City Clinical Hospital 8: 28 Gor’kogo str., Chelyabinsk, 454071, Russian Federation;
2South-Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare: 64 Vorovskogo str., Chelyabinsk, 454092, Russian Federation;
3Scientific Research Disinfectology Institute of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man: 18 Nauchniy proezd, Moscow, 117246, Russian Federation;
4I.M. Sechenov’s First Moscow State Medical University: 8, stroenie 2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation;
5Central Scientific Research Epidemiology Institute of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man: 3а Novogireevskaya str., Moscow, 111123, Russian Federation.
Analysis of resistance microflora department of surgical intensive care unit to disinfectants
In accordance with the national concept of prevention of infections associated with medical care (IHS) conducting surveillance among other activities, provides for the implementation of microbiological monitoring of pathogens IHS and spectrum identification of resistance to antimicrobial agents (antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants, etc.) To develop a rational strategy and tactics of their application. Objective: to analyze the stability of the microflora of the department of surgical intensive care unit to disinfectants. Materials and Methods: The stability of the microflora of the leading department of surgical intensive care unit to disinfectants in 6 years (2007-2012.). Determined resistance of a microorganism 61 29 cultures isolated from patients; 22 – dedicated to the hospital environment and facilities 10 – museum strains. Specific all microbial strains with resistance to disinfectants ranged from 1,1 % to 13,3 %. At concentrations of chlorine-containing disinfectants recommended by the manufacturer for disinfection on the bactericidal and virucidal regimes in 31,4 % of cases, cultures of microorganisms were resistant to disinfectants. There dependent expression of resistance to disinfectants different microorganisms from 8,3 % (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanni) to 50 % (Staphylococcus saprophyticus). Given the dynamics in the frequency of resistance of microorganisms, including "Museum" strains to disinfectants, in our view, the determination of the sensitivity of microorganisms to disinfectants should be carried out when you receive each new batch of disinfectants.
Key words: Department of Surgical Intensive Care, resistance of microorganisms, disinfectants.
AUTHORS
Orlova Oksana Anatol’evna – Candidat of Medical Science, Head of Epidemiological Department City Clinical Hospital № 8; Associate Professor of Chair Hygiene and Epidemiology; Tel.: (351) 773-06-10, e-mail: Адрес электронной почты защищен от спам-ботов. Для просмотра адреса в вашем браузере должен быть включен Javascript.
Akimkin Vasiliy Gennad’evich – Member of Russian Academy of Science, Doctor of Medical Science, Professor; Director Deputy of Scientific Research Disinfectology Institute
DISINFECTION
L.V. Didenko1, G.G. Kardash2, T.A. Smirnova1, E.R. Tolordava1, M.B. Zubasheva1, D.A. Kurshin2, O.V. Emshanov2
1Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamalei of Ministry of Health Russian Federation: 18 Gamaleya st, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation;
2INTERSEN-plus: 19 Silikatnaya st., Mytischi, Moscow region, 141004, Russian Federation.
Studying the action mechanism of tertiary alkylamines on clinical isolates Escherichia coli и Staphylococcus aureus
Tertiary alkylamines possess high activity against Mycobacterium tubrculosis, and also are effective against all species of bacteria, pathogenic and mold fungus and viruses. The impact of tertiary alkylamines on clinical isolates Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus has been studied by the method of transmission electronic microscopy. It has been revealed structural changes of bacteria due to the influence of substance on the basis of tertiary alkylamines (total destruction of cells, emergence of new morphological structures in cytoplasm, destruction of a nucleoid), which correspond to mechanisms of interaction of alkylamines with phospholipids and acid groups of proteins. Damaging of nucleoid’s structure, ribosomes and plasmids limits possibilities of development of resistance of bacteria to tertiary alkylamines in a consequence of total destruction of all cellular structures (including plasmids and transposone, if it the presence), and on condition of use of the recommended (effective) concentration of active ingredient in working solutions of disinfectants.
Key words: Tertiary alkylamines, disinfectants, action mechanism, bacterial cell, transmission electronic microscopy, resistance.
AUTHORS
Didenko Lyubov Vasilyevna – Doctor of Biological Science, Head of Microorganisms’ Anatomy Laboratory at Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamaleya; Tel.: +7 (499) 193-30-40, e-mail: Адрес электронной почты защищен от спам-ботов. Для просмотра адреса в вашем браузере должен быть включен Javascript.
Smirnova Tatyana Aleksandrovna – Doctor of Biological Science, Senior Researcher of Microorganisms’ Anatomy Laboratory at Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamaleya
Tolordava Eteri Romeovna – Junior Researcher of Genetic Engineering of Pathogenic Microorganisms Laboratory at Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamaleya
Zubasheva Margarita Vladimirovna – Candidate of Science in Biology, Junior Researcher of Microorganisms’ Anatomy Laboratory at Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamaleya
Kurshin Dmitry Alexandrovich – General Director of "INTERSEN-plus" LLC
Kardash Gennady Grigoryevich – Candidate of Chemical Science, Head of Innovations Department at "INTERSEN-plus"
Emshanov Oleg Vladimirovich – Director of Scientific Work at "INTERSEN-plus"
DISINSECTION
N.V. Shestopalov, M.A. Alekseev, S.A. Roslavtseva, O.Yu.Eremina, K.S. Krivonos, L.S. Boyko, V.A. Tsarenko, N.Z. Osipova
Information letter "Resistance of populations of bed bugs to insecticides and measures of its overcoming"
DERATIZATION
D.V. Trankvilevskiy1, G.A. Malkin2, E.S. Mutnykh2, D.A. Kvasov3, Yu.I. Stepkin3, B.V. Romachov4, N.B. Romachova4, E.I. Trufanova5, N.I. Prostakov5, V.A. Tsarenko1
1Federal Hygienic and Epidemiological Center of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man: 19а Varshavskoe shosse, Moscow, 117105, Russian Federation;
2Chuumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences: Moscow, settlement, 27 km Kievskoye shosse; settlement of the Institute of Poliomyelitis, settlement Moscow, Moscow, 142782, Russian Federation;
3Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology of Voronezh Region: 21 Kosmonavtov str., Voronezh, 394038, Russian Federation;
4Voronezh state nature biosphere reserve: Tsentralnaya usad’ba, Goszapovednik, Voronezh, 394080, Russian Federation;
5Voronezh State University: 1 Universitetskaya pl., Voronezh, 394006, Russian Federation.
On the size and hantavirus infection of small mammals in rural areas and the role of rodent control measures during the winter outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the central black earth
Hantavirus infection of rodents and insectivores in the outhouses of the private sector rural Voronezh region at the peak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Dobrava-Aa (HFRS-DOB) are presented. The majority of caughted small mammals were field mice (Apodemus agrarius) – the main reservoir and source of pathogenic hantavirus Dobrava-Aa in the forest-steppe zone of the central European part of Russia. Laboratory investigations revealed a significant number of Hantavirus "active" carriers among A. agrarius. Single bank voles (Myodes (Clethrionomys) glareolus) – Puumala hantavirus reservoir hosts were registered only in buildings located adjacent to the forest. The results showed that the probability of HFRS-DOB infection of rural residents in the home was much higher in the countryside private outhouses where deratization activities were insufficient.
Key words: natural focal infections, HFRS, Hantaviruses, Dobrava, Puumala, small mammals, field mouse, carroty voles, house mouse, relative abundance, epizootological monitoring, deratization, prevention.
AUTHORS
Trankvilevskiy Dmitry Valer’evich – Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Leading Researcher of Federal Hygienic and Epidemiological Center of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man; tel.: (495) 954-01-59, e-mail: Адрес электронной почты защищен от спам-ботов. Для просмотра адреса в вашем браузере должен быть включен Javascript.
Malkin Gennadiy Andreevich – Junior Researcher of Laboratory of Hemorrhagic Fevers of Chuumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
Mutnykh Elena Sergeevna – Researcher of Laboratory of Hemorrhagic Fevers of Chuumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
Kvasov Dmitriy Aleksandrovich – Manager of Zoogroup of Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology of Voronezh Region
Styopkin Yuriy Ivanovich – Doctor of Medical Science, Professor; Chief Medical Officer of Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology of Voronezh Region
Romashov Boris Vital’evich – Doctor of Science in Biology; Chief Research Worker of Voronezh state nature biosphere reserve
Romashova Natal’ya Borisovna – Candidate of Science in Biology; Chief of Scientific Department of Voronezh state nature biosphere reserve"
Trufanova Elena Ivanovna – Candidate of Science in Biology; Associate Professor of Chamber Zoology and Parasitology in Voronezh State University
Prostakov Nikolay Ivanovich – Doctor of Science in Biology, Professor; Director of Biological Educational Scientific Center "Venevitinovo" of Voronezh State University
Tsarenko Vladimir Anatolievich – Head of the Disinfectology and Epidemiological Control Departments in Federal Hygiene and Epidemiology Centre of Federal Service in Supervision of Protection of Rights of Consumers and Prosperity of a Man
DISCUSSION
A.S. Tumanov, K.I. Gurin, I.P. Pogorelsky, K.E. Gavrilov, M.Yu. Amosov, V.S. Menukhova
"48 Central Research and Development Institute" of Russian Federation Ministry of Defense: 121 Oktyabrskiy pr., Kirov, 610017, Russian Federation
Comparative evaluation of microbicidal potential of the disinfectant composition Detich and its constituent ingredients
The results are presented of a comparative study of the bactericidal and sporicidal activity of the disinfectant composition Detich and its constituent tertiary and quaternary ammonium compounds – Triamine and Arkvada 10–50, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide against the test microorganisms Escherichia coli C600, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10702 and Bacillus anthracis spores STI-1. Synergistic effect of the antimicrobial action of the ingredients included in the disinfectant composition, is accompanied by significant damage of the cell membrane of bacilli, and sporoplasms, shells and cortex of spores. Severe destruction of the bacilli B. cereus АТСС 10702 and B. anthracis STI-1 spores eliminates the formation of cells, that are resistant to disinfectant composition, in the microbial population.
Key words: bacilli, bacteria, bactericidal activity, sporicidal activity, disinfectants.
AUTHORS
Gurin Konstantin Igorevich – Сandidate of Medical Science, Deputy Chief Department of the Scientific-Research Center of "48 Central Research and Development Institute" of Russian Federation Ministry of Defense ("48 CRDI" МО RF); служеб. тел.: (8332) 64-18-13, e-mail: Адрес электронной почты защищен от спам-ботов. Для просмотра адреса в вашем браузере должен быть включен Javascript.
Tumanov Aleksandr Sergeevich – Сandidate of Medical Science, Chief of the Scientific-Research Center of 48 CRDI" МО RF
Pogorel’skiy Ivan Petrovich – Doctor of Medical Science, Leading Researcher in Department of the Scientific-Research Center of 48 CRDI" МО RF
Gavrilov Konstantin Evgen’evich – Candidate of Science in Biology, Research Associate in Department of the Scientific-Research Center of 48 CRDI" МО RF
Amosov Maksim Yur’evich – Chief of the Department of the Scientific-Research Center of 48 CRDI" МО RF
Menukhova Valentina Sergeevna – Software Engineer in Department of the Scientific-Research Center of 48 CRDI" МО RF
MISCELLANIUS
Zh.V. Matveeva, S.V. Generalov, E.G. Abramova, A.V. Fadeeva, N.V. Mayorov
Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute "Microbe" of Federal service in supervision of protection of rights of consumers and prosperity of a man: 46 Universitetskaya str., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation.
Detection and prevention of mycoplasma contamination of transplantable cell line Vero in the production of rabies immunoglobulin using culture techniques
Since 2004 year Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute "Microbe" of Federal service in supervision of protection of rights of consumers and prosperity of a man: Russian Federation makes preparation for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis – a heterologous rabies immunoglobulin (AIG). In step producing immunization using antigen derived on the basis of fixed rabies virus strain "Moscow 3253", reproduced in the brain tissue of animals. World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends that manufacturers rabies preparations to abandon the use of organo-tissue antigen due to the risk of vaccine-related complications associated with the possible formation of antibody-neurotoxins in response to the introduction of impurities brain tissue. Alternatively, the proposed use of the rabies virus in cell cultures reproduced. When working with cell cultures can be spontaneous infection of mycoplasma cells, the source of which can serve as laboratory workers themselves, and used in the culture media and growth supplements. Mycoplasma contamination tends to spread to other cell cultures, which are working in the laboratory. Latent form of mycoplasma infection is not accompanied by visible changes of cells and without conducting special studies to identify mycoplasmas usually remains invisible. It is known that the presence of mycoplasma cells leads to a reduction in sensitivity to a virus reproduction, as it is important not only for scientific research but also for the antigens used for the preparation of biomedical preparations. Mycoplasma contamination detected by various methods: cytochemical, immunofluorescence, autoradiography, radio-immunological, microbiological, using electron microscopy, enzyme immunoassay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other. The PCR method has extremely high sensitivity, which allows the sample to detect only one DNA molecule. PCR is a more sensitive and specific for the direct determination of mycoplasma in cell culture at a low cost of labor, time and money. This method is simple, objective interpretation, reproducibility and documentation of the results, which was the basis for us to choose the method of PCR as a reference when testing cell culture mycoplasma contamination. The aim of the work was to study the presence of mycoplasma by PCR culture of Vero cells and culture fluid containing the rabies virus strain "Moscow 3253", culture media and growth supplements, as well as samples from the anti-rabies serum immunoglobulin of rabbit and horse obtained using the culture of rabies antigen. In controlled studies, and growth media samples stimulating additives used during culturing the cells Vero and virus, culture of cells and culture fluid as well as a series of experimental samples rabies serum immunoglobulin of rabbit and horse, obtained using the culture rabies antigen. Based on these results and practical experience developed a system of measures to prevent mycoplasma contamination, which confirmed the effectiveness of follow-up during one year.
Key words: culture cell line Vero, contamination, mycoplasma, fixed rabies virus, the polymerase chain reaction.
AUTHORS
Matveeva Zhanna Vladimirovna – Candidate of Science in Biology, Research Associate in Laboratory of Genediagnostic Preparations Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute "Microbe" (RosNIPCHI "Microbe"); tel.: (845–2) 51-52-07, Адрес электронной почты защищен от спам-ботов. Для просмотра адреса в вашем браузере должен быть включен Javascript.
Generalov Sergey Vyacheslavovich – Candidate of Science in Biology, Research Associate in RosNIPCHI "Microbe"
Abramova Elena Gennad’evna – Candidate of Science in Biology, Head of the Laboratory of Preventive Immunoglobulins RosNIPCHI "Microbe"
Fadeeva Alevtina Viktorovna – Candidate of Science in Biology, Junior Researcher in RosNIPCHI "Microbe"
Mayorov Nikolay Viktorovich – Candidate of Medical Science, Head of the Laboratory of Genediagnostic Preparations RosNIPCHI "Microbe"
DOCUMENTS
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation order N 962 from 30.12.2014 "About confirmation of basic list of public services (work), which were executed by federal government institutes in sphere of public health service, using medicines for medicine use and sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population"
List of the disinfection, disinsection, deratisation means, registered in December 2014 – February 2015
INFORMATION
Informational announcement about additional upgrade qualification' training program by profession – disinfectology
List of materials published in magazine "Disinfection Affairs" in 2014
Rules for the authors
About education guide of S.N. Zarechnaya "Selected lections on medical entomology"
Subscription of magazine "Disinfection Affairs" on 2015 year